Cattle Where Is Beef Produced in the Us

Introduction

Humans take used livestock grazing to adjust to arid landscapes for millennia (Clutton-Brock, 1989), but as livestock production has become embedded in a circuitous transnational meat supply chain, new strategies are needed to ensure sustainable production into the hereafter. In the Us, about 25,000 cattle ranches are located in the arid and semi-arid Southwest¹. These ranches produce ~six% of the cows that provide calves for the United states of america beefiness industry, making Southwestern ranching essential not only to local communities, economies, and landscapes, but to the nation's overall beef supply, too (Havstad et al., 2018; USDA-NASS, 2020). However, the fragility of the predominant supply chain emanating from the Southwest coupled with increasing heat and drought are threatening the capacity of Southwestern ranchers to produce beef sustainably (Gershunov et al., 2013; Polley et al., 2013; Havstad et al., 2018; McIntosh et al., 2019; Hendrickson, 2020).

Most calves weaned on the cow-calf ranches of the Southwest are exported to the Ogallala Aquifer region² for backgrounding, grain finishing, and meat sales (Johnson and Becker, 2009; Buhnerkempe et al., 2013; Blank et al., 2016). The Ogallala Aquifer region besides imports grain from the Upper Midwest³ to meet feeding quotas not filled past local feed production (Gottschalk, 2007; Guerrero et al., 2013). Bug in 1 link of this inter-regional supply chain tin can compromise resilience of the entire chain. Moreover, interventions designed to solve problems in one region affect, and are affected by, ecological and socioeconomic dynamics in connected regions. Therefore, to foster beef product that is truly sustainable – that is, that satisfies dietary demand, protects environmental quality, and ensures economical security and good quality of life for producers and lodge (National Enquiry Council, 2010; Kleinman et al., 2018) – we must sympathise the functioning of beefiness production in multiple realms and in the multiple regions connected by supply and need (Liu, 2017).

With these goals in mind, 3 strategies show promise for improving sustainability of beefiness production originating in the The states Southwest and the regions connected to information technology: heritage cattle genetics, precision ranching, and culling supply chain options. Here we summarize the major challenges to the sustainability of Southwest beef product, provide rationale for evaluating these iii strategies as ways to accost the challenges, and report early on results of our multi-disciplinary, multi-yr arroyo to understanding the benefits and drawbacks associated with each strategy (Figure 1). Our approach was funded in 2019 as a 5-year Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) by the United States Department of Agriculture – National Constitute of Nutrient and Agriculture (NIFA-AFRI #2019-69012-29853, www.swbeef.org). Here we report results of the offset twelvemonth of the "Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP."

Figure 1. The Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP is investigating three strategies with potential to improve sustainability of beef product originating from the American Southwest, using a boundary-spanning approach of education, participatory enquiry, and extension.

Sustainability Challenges for Southwest Beefiness Production

Sustainability Challenges on Pasture and Ranch Scales

Similar to other barren landscapes worldwide, range pastures of the American Southwest tend to exist large and heterogeneous. Frequent use of particular locations by cattle tin effect in perennial grass loss (Bestelmeyer et al., 2018), soil degradation (Nash et al., 2003), and increased grit emissions (Baddock et al., 2011) – all of which diminish cattle weight gains (Holechek, 1992). Manipulating fencing, h2o locations, and timing of use are common approaches to improving livestock distribution in rangelands (Heitschmidt and Taylor, 1991; Owens et al., 1991). These interventions, notwithstanding, can be price-prohibitive to establish and maintain in arid systems (Hunt et al., 2007).

Loftier input costs coupled with external market place forces contribute to rates of return varying from net losses to merely +3% on annual investment in the ranches of the American Southwest – significantly lower than the vi% received past U.s.a. agriculture on the whole (Torell et al., 2001; USDA-ERS, 2016). Looking ahead, these economical stresses are projected to intensify every bit the Southwest continues to experience higher temperatures, increasing frequency and intensity of rut waves, and more frequent droughts (Gershunov et al., 2013; Briske et al., 2015; USGCRP, 2017). These novel climate exposures are predicted to touch ecosystems and economic science through macerated rangeland carrying capacities, increased site vulnerability to soil degradation, compromised regional feed and pasture provender production, and intensified animal heat stress (Havstad et al., 2018).

Sustainability Challenges on the Supply Concatenation Scale

Looking beyond ranch gates, the specialization and concentration of United states of america beefiness cattle and cattle feed production has greatly increased efficiency in terms of cost per unit of production of beefiness (Dimitri et al., 2005; Capper, 2011); yet, it has also contributed to a host of ecology, economic, and societal concerns, including compromised environmental quality and quality of life for communities near concentrated feedlot manure (Casey et al., 2006), equally well as vulnerabilities in supply chains. For instance, occupancy restrictions in meat processing plants experienced in the bound of 2020 due to COVID-19 have resulted in cattle remaining in feedyards longer, and fewer conventional cuts beingness available in supermarkets, affecting the ranches upstream (Pare et al., 2020; Texas A&1000, 2020). The lack of typical beef cuts and book in supermarkets resulted, for many Americans, in expanded interest in the provenance of beef and local beef products (Atkins, 2020; Emmert, 2020; Nagus, 2020). While it is also early to predict long-term furnishings at the writing of this commodity, it is possible that investment in alternative, local supply bondage may ultimately bear upon the long-term economic sustainability of conventional grain finishing (Hobbs, 2020).

Strategies Toward Sustainability: New Research and Early Results

Heritage Cattle

The Raramuri Criollo biotype has undergone 500 years of accommodation to the harsh conditions of the Sierra Tarahumara in northern Mexico with minimal genetic influence of improved beef breeds (Estell et al., 2012; Anderson et al., 2015). Based on by research, Raramuri Criollo announced to experience less estrus stress on hot summer days (Nyamuryekung'e et al., 2017) and have been anecdotally observed to provender more than on low-quality grasses and shrubs than conventional beef breeds (Anderson et al., 2015). In add-on, during seasons when greenish forage is relatively deficient and patchily distributed, Raramuri Criollo have been found to achieve greater distribution than conventional cattle types (Peinetti et al., 2011; Spiegal et al., 2019).

To date, grass finishing has been the chief pick for Southwestern producers raising Raramuri Criollo, which tin be finished on grass only get passed over at auctions in the conventional product concatenation due to color and shape non-conformity (Enyinnaya, 2016; Torell et al., in review). Another pick is cantankerous-convenance the heritage type with beef breeds used conventionally, thereby maintaining the potential economic and environmental benefits of Raramuri Criollo cows while producing more widely marketable offspring (Martínez-Cordova et al., 2014; Mcintosh et al., 2018).

While grass finishing and grain-finishing cattle with Raramuri Criollo genetics show promise for economic and environmental sustainability, especially nether warmer and drier conditions, more information is needed before adoption of Raramuri Criollo genetics tin exist widely recommended. To fill these information gaps, a long-term breed comparison written report was initiated in March 2020 on the New Mexico Land Academy (NMSU) Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Heart (CDRRC) in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Four large pastures were dedicated to the corresponding cow-dogie herds – two pastures for a heritage herd, and two for a conventional Brangus herd. External inputs and outputs are existence quantified to assess differences in ranch total factor productivity (Ramankutty et al., 2018) betwixt herds, and vegetation and soils are beingness monitoring to assess the ecological furnishings. To understand the processes driving production and ecological outcomes, cattle movements are being monitored in real time (meet below), and costs and returns are being measured, including supplement intake, percentage calf crop, and kilograms of calf weaned.

The feedlot and finishing performance will be compared betwixt the heritage crossbred calves and conventional beef calves at research facilities in the Ogallala Aquifer region. Calves for this component of the study are beingness raised on cooperating ranches in southern New Mexico, southeastern California, and southeastern Utah (stars in Figure one). The first calf crop is scheduled to be transported to Clayton, New Mexico for wheat pasture backgrounding and eventual finishing at Clayton, New Mexico, and Texas A&M Agrilife Research facilities in Bushland, Texas in fall 2020, and repeated the following 2 years. Slaughtered cattle will exist subjected to beef quality tests including consumer taste panels at Texas A&Chiliad University in College Station, Texas in 2021, 2022, and 2023.

This breed comparing leverages one of 18 coordinated experiments in the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network Common Experiment, contributing to a national assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of adopting "aspirational" management approaches on farms and ranches nationwide (Spiegal et al., 2018). This experiment is also part of an international network of long term grazing studies comparison the environmental footprint of Criollo vs. improved beef breeds at sites in United mexican states and Argentina.

Precision Ranching

Sensor-driven precision farming, already mainstream in intensive beast agriculture systems (Neethirajan, 2017), can as well help ranchers in the warming and drying American Southwest make rapid decisions to sustain animal health and provender resource. Existent-fourth dimension analysis of shifts in fauna move patterns associated with declining fodder, inadequate or faulty h2o supply, nascence, or predation helps ranchers to arbitrate apace, finer providing a blazon of early warning system addressing multiple sustainability problems.

Importantly, these technologies can help reduce economic and environmental costs of ranching in extensive, arid lands. Based on calculations for the 780-km² USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, wireless sensors indicating water levels in troughs could salve 388–478 h of driving time and 742–956 gallons of fuel, which translates into $7,800–$x,000 in almanac toll savings, 6.6–viii.v metric tons of avoided CO_ii emissions, and more time for pursuing other endeavors. On the other hand, investments in the organisation such as installation, maintenance, and time spent learning to use the engineering science can reduce overall cost-effectiveness of adoption.

To investigate the potential of these technologies in extensive arid landscapes, we are developing a precision ranching system able to log, transmit, and clarify animal, weather, and h2o sensor data in real time via a long-range, low power wireless area network (LoRa WAN), to be tested at 5 participating ranches (Figure 1). Cost inputs and savings from this technology volition be assessed via enterprise budgets (Torell et al., 2014), and a survey musical instrument volition be used to determine user perceptions regarding the usefulness of all aspects of system implementation. With this agreement of toll savings and feedback from participating ranchers, a market-ready product should be available inside 6 years.

During the first year of the project, we built a airplane pilot model and are testing information technology at the NMSU CDRRC, where the long-term breed comparison written report was initiated. The GPS collars, watering tank, and rainfall sensors have been collecting information since March 2020 (Supplement ane). Initial testing and calibration of components of the precision ranching arrangement at CDRRC is allowing us to gauge its usefulness and is helping our squad identify and carefully document potential challenges of using LoRa WAN on all-encompassing cattle ranches with sparse communication networks. Agreement these technological hurdles will exist critically important as nosotros roll out the precision ranching system on cooperating commercial ranches in the virtually future.

Supply Chain Options

Amid concerns about food safety and environmental impacts of beef supply bondage, the market share for culling beef products – natural, certified organic, grass-fed – has been growing in contempo decades (Tonsor et al., 2009; Mathews and Johnson, 2013; Food Marketing Institute, 2017), and societal interest in locally-sourced food appears to be growing chop-chop during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, ranchers who grass-terminate Raramuri Criollo cattle are part of a larger community in the American Southwest that has adopted grass finishing for a variety of reasons (Barnes, 2011).

During the past yr of engaging with Southwestern producers who grass finish cattle, we take come to identify 2 primary approaches: (one) finishing locally on barren ranches, and (two) exporting weaned calves to the Northern Plains^four (the "Follow the Dark-green" product arrangement). Much is unknown about the rate of adoption of these approaches, their ecological and economic outcomes, or how those outcomes compare with those of grain finishing systems – especially as the Ogallala Aquifer region's backgrounding and feedlot industries confront threats of aquifer depletion (McGuire, 2017) and the expanding impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hendrickson, 2020). Therefore, we are working to create a noesis base for producers, consumers, regional planners, and policy makers involved with Southwest beefiness production and so they can compare grass finishing vs. grain finishing nether various scenarios of change. Our principal analytical tools are the Integrated Subcontract System Model (IFSM; Rotz et al., 2019) and a multi-regional "pericoupling" assay (Liu, 2017).

The IFSM uses product inputs in the farms and ranches of a given supply chain to guess the environmental and economic outcomes of that supply chain (including energy use; carbon, phosphorus, and reactive nitrogen footprints; water consumption; production costs; and net returns). We are using IFSM to compare economical and environmental outcomes in six supply chains: Follow the Greenish with and without Raramuri Criollo, Grass-Finishing in the Southwest with and without Raramuri Criollo, and Grain-Finishing in the Ogallala Aquifer Region with and without Raramuri Criollo. We are gathering information on inputs from 5 ranchers and two feedyard operators formally participating in projection research, as well as from other producers engaged through the CAP'southward extension efforts (see beneath). Ultimately the simulated environmental and economical effects will provide a measure of the long-term sustainability of the half dozen supply chains, then that tradeoffs tin can be quantified and compared.

All vi product systems being simulated in the IFSM originate with calves born on Southwestern ranches. The weaned calves are and so exported to other regions (Follow the Light-green, Grain-Finishing), or are held back from those regions (Grass-Finishing in the Southwest). Given these inter-regional connections, we aim to empathize how dynamics in i region touch the dynamics of the others, and vice versa. To that end, we are conducting a "pericoupling" analysis (Liu, 2017) to narrate the socioeconomic and ecology interactions among the regional systems linked via beef production under both the current system and a plausible about-future scenario (da Silva et al., 2019). Using the pericoupling framework, we are addressing the following questions about the connected regions under both the current and future scenarios (Table ane):

1. What are the flows of resources amidst four regions connected through beef product (the Southwest, Ogallala Aquifer region, Upper Midwest, and Northern Plains)?

2. What agents bring forth the connections (pericouplings) betwixt the regions?

3. What are the causes of the pericouplings between the regions?

4. What are the major effects of the pericouplings on each region?

Table 1. Preliminary results of a pericoupling analysis to assess linkages of four regions afflicted by beefiness production in the American Southwest, nether the current system and a plausible nigh-hereafter scenario.

During the past year, we have congenital our pericoupling database with agro-economic datasets that span national, state, and regional levels, every bit well as results from IFSM simulations, and information from our integrated extension and education activities. Preliminary results are in Table 1.

Boundary-Spanning Approach

We designed the Sustainable Southwest Beefiness CAP to bridge boundaries betwixt science and controlling in gild to improve actions in both realms (sensu Bednarek et al., 2018). A fundamental colonnade is participatory enquiry: All research is being conducted at least in function on commercial ranches, with direct involvement of ranch operators. This involvement, from report blueprint to execution to data interpretation, is ensuring tight linkages between science and real-world challenges and opportunities in Southwestern beef production. The purlieus-spanning approach was adopted, in part, to ensure a realistic understanding of opportunities for, and barriers to, adoption of the strategies nether investigation.

To understand more about the potential for adoption of the strategies under investigation, during the past year, cognition co-product/extension partners in the Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP – from New Mexico State University, the USDA Southwest Climate Hub, and Texas A&M AgriLife – engaged with producers from the Southwest and the regions pericoupled to the Southwest through beef product. Key tools take been on-ranch demonstrations, in-person events, podcasts, and surveys. For instance, the project squad hosted an event for ~125 ranchers, feedlot operators and others connected to the beef cattle industry at the 2020 Southwest Beefiness Symposium in Amarillo, Texas, where initial rancher perceptions of the three strategies were collected. Cattle producers (north = 36) from 26 counties beyond seven states completed the CAP'south "baseline" survey (Elias et al., in review). In response to a question nigh which topic of the projection would be most immediately applicable to their functioning, about a quarter indicated that precision ranching technology is most applicable, another quarter selected range finishing in the Southwest and other supply concatenation options, and another quarter chose the overall integrated approach of the CAP as virtually applicative. Ten per centum of respondents indicated that Spanish/heritage breed cattle would exist most applicable. We will compare baseline data with surveys at the finish of the v-year project to notice changes in perceptions about the strategies.

In partnership with the noesis co-production/extension and research teams, the Asombro Constitute for Science Education in New Mexico and the BlueSTEM Agri-Learning Center in Oklahoma have developed lessons and teacher trainings to increment science literacy, accelerate noesis about hard conclusion-making technology in agronomics, and garner feedback about the strategies under investigation from the agricultural professionals of tomorrow. The integration of K-12 activities into the other components of the CAP emphasizes collaboration, interdisciplinary thinking, and strong advice skills (Bestelmeyer et al., 2015).

In the first year of the project, the education team adult a one-h classroom lesson and a field trip activity to introduce lower elementary students to Raramuri Criollo (https://asombro.org/wp-content/uploads/Criollo.pdf). Lessons were based on the Sustainable Southwest Beefiness CAP project and aligned with the Side by side Generation Science Standards (NGSS), making them relevant to teachers in New United mexican states and 19 other states using these standards. Lessons were adult and pilot tested with more than 200 2d and 3rd course students in the fall 2020 semester.

School closings in the spring 2020 semester halted classroom lessons, field trips, and teacher trainings. The teaching team therefore pivoted toward developing an interactive learning experience that could exist washed past students learning from abode. "Solving the Beefiness" (https://asombro.org/solvingthebeef/) is a game that encourages players in competing teams to develop artistic solutions for sustainable beef product and marketing given a set of scenarios and constraints. It is built around engineering science pattern principles from NGSS. Though Solving the Beefiness was adult every bit an adaptation to social distancing, it can also be played in a traditional classroom or after-school setting. The game will be expanded by calculation additional scenarios as results from the Southwest Beef CAP are published. Moreover, the game volition allow the didactics team to collect ideas from students – the producers and consumers of tomorrow – to feed back to the research component of the projection.

Assessing and Communicating Tradeoffs

In addition to peer-reviewed and popular printing articles, an interactive repository is being built to business firm and communicate the integrated knowledge developed by the Sustainable Southwest Beef CAP. The "Western Beefiness Cognition System" is being designed to aid controlling around beef production and consumption, with geographically-specific information for producers about the potential benefits and drawbacks of adopting the strategies under investigation, and for consumers seeking locally-tailored guidance on how they tin can buy beef that aligns with their stated values. Nosotros have also adult short factsheets for utilize by regional planners and other policy makers, as they evaluate incentives for adoption of the strategies and empathise the inter-regional effects of culling beefiness supply chains (https://southwestbeef.org/factsheets).

Ultimately, our goal is to apply new, integrated knowledge to advance sustainability of Us beefiness production. Adoption of animal genetics suited to a hotter, drier climate, precision technologies that provide affordable and timely information for ranch management, and alternative marketing options all have potential to improve economic, ecology, and societal outcomes. Nonetheless, when making significant changes in an agricultural arrangement, full consideration of the regions pericoupled through product is necessary to achieve desired outcomes. With our boundary-spanning approach, we aim to illuminate these inter-regional connections, and identify feasible pathways to meliorate sustainability for beef producers, beef consumers, and the rangelands cherished by Americans nationwide.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the ideas in this article. SS was lead writer with contributions from, and editing past, AFC, BB, JS, RE, DA, CR, and MMu. MMc created artwork for Figure ane.

Funding

The Sustainable Southwest Beef Coordinated Agricultural Projection was funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Agronomics and Food Enquiry Initiative's Sustainable Agricultural Systems (SAS) program. Grant #2019-69012-29853. This inquiry was too a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network. LTAR is supported past the United States Department of Agronomics.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed every bit a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Dr. Jack Liu for sharing his expertise for our pericoupling assay. Cheers also to Dr. David Anderson of Texas A&M for providing data on interstate cattle movements into Texas and inspected past the Texas Animal Health Committee, equally discussed in the Supplementary Information.

Supplementary Textile

The Supplementary Material for this article can be plant online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/x.3389/fsufs.2020.00114/total#supplementary-textile

Footnotes

1. ^We define the US Southwest every bit the states of New United mexican states, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, California (Effigy ane).

2. ^We ascertain the Ogallala Aquifer region as parts of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota (Effigy 1).

three. ^We ascertain the Upper Midwest as the "Corn Belt" which covers Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas.

iv. ^We define the Northern Plains as North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska.

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Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00114/full

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